This advanced module explains what mRNA is, how eukaryotic cells use it to produce proteins, and the molecular processes involved in transcription, RNA processing, and translation. The session also bridges classroom biology with real-world biomanufacturing by introducing how scientists synthesize mRNA in vitro (IVT) using DNA templates, nucleotides, capping enzymes, polyadenylation strategies, and optimized purification technologies. The module concludes by linking natural mRNA biology with modern vaccine engineering workflows.